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Nickel is a transition metal in the 28th row of the periodic table. With the chemical symbol Ni, it is widely used in many industrial and commercial applications. On January 22, 2015, EFSA's Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) adopted a Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health associated with the presence of nickel in food and drinking water, setting a tolerable daily intake (TDI). It evaluated nickel occurrence data in food and drinking water collected from 15 different European countries.
It concluded that nickel can cause both chronic and acute effects. On the basis of the critical chronic effect of pregnancy loss, a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 13 μg/kg bw was established and it was concluded that this TDI is exceeded in toddlers, children between 36 months and 10 years of age and also in some cases in infants.
It confirmed that the critical acute effect is eczematous flare reactions of the skin, which occur in nickel-sensitive people and concern about 15% of the population. The Authority concluded that the lowest observed adverse effect level for this effect was 4.3 μg nickel/kg bw and that a margin of exposure (MOE) of 30 or higher is required to protect against this effect. Taking into account the available occurrence data, maximum levels for nickel in various foods are set in Commission Regulation (EU) No 2023/915 (4).
Commission Regulation (EC) No 333/2007 should be followed to ensure that samples are representative of the batch sampled and that analytical results are reliable and comparable;
1. Monitor the presence of nickel in food in 2025, 2026 and 2027, in cooperation with food business operators.
2. Monitoring should include food supplements, chocolate, chocolate spreads, spreads, nuts, cocoa beans, cereal-based products (in particular breakfast cereals, cereal flakes and oat milling products), instant soups, coffee, tea, vegetables, seaweeds, oilseeds, soy-based products such as tofu and soy-based drinks, pulses, nuts, fish and other seafood.
3. Where necessary, collect information on mitigation measures to reduce nickel levels in food. It should also ensure that known mitigation methods are effectively communicated and promoted to farmers and food processors and that these mitigation measures are progressively implemented by farmers and food processors.
4. Sampling procedures and analysis should be carried out in accordance with the sampling and analysis requirements set out in Regulation (EC) No 333/2007.
- Alloys: Nickel is a major component of many alloys. It is used in the production of many industrial alloys, especially stainless steel, nickel-titanium alloys and nickel-chromium alloys. The strength and corrosion resistance of these alloys enable their use in the automotive, aerospace, electronics and chemical industries.
- Electronics: Nickel is also a widely used material in the electronics industry. Especially in battery production, nickel is used in various battery types such as nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries.
- Plating: Nickel is also used for plating metal objects to protect them and give them an aesthetic appearance. In particular, many objects such as accessories, jewelry, faucets, door handles and automobile parts can be nickel-plated.
- Chemical Processes: Nickel is used as a catalyst in many chemical processes. It is used as a catalyst in reactions such as hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis, especially in oil refineries.
1. Sea Water: Seawater naturally contains many minerals and elements, and nickel is one of them. Seawater contains very low concentrations of nickel. Generally, the amount of nickel in seawater is too low to have adverse effects on human health. However, in some cases, the amount of nickel in seawater may increase due to industrial activities or other sources of pollution.
2. Cosmetic Products: Nickel can be found in some cosmetic products, especially in products such as shadows, mascaras and nail polish in metallic colors. This may be an ingredient used to maintain the color and consistency of the products. However, the amount of nickel in cosmetic products should be limited in accordance with health guidelines.
3. Accessories (Metal Plating): Nickel is widely used as a metal plating in the production of accessories and jewelry. It is especially common in jewelry and accessories. However, because some people are allergic to nickel, nickel-plated accessories can cause skin reactions for these people.
4. Toys: Nickel can be found in the metals used to make some toys. In particular, metal or metal-plated toys may contain nickel. However, international standards and regulations limit the amount of allergenic substances such as nickel to ensure the safety of the materials used in toys.
5. Water: In general, drinking water naturally contains nickel. However, the amount of nickel in drinking water generally does not pose a significant risk to human health. The amount of nickel in water sources often varies depending on local geological conditions and environmental factors. Nickel Testing is also carried out within the scope of environmental pollution, mixing of waste materials into water and necessary studies to detect these situations.
6. Packaging Materials: Some packaging materials, especially those containing metal coatings or paints, may contain nickel. Materials used in food and beverage packaging must comply with food safety standards.
7. Feeds and Foods: Some foodstuffs may naturally contain nickel. In particular, nuts, cereals, chocolate and some green leafy vegetables may contain nickel. The amount of nickel in food is usually very low and usually does not pose a threat to human health. However, some people are allergic to nickel and may be advised to avoid such foods. At the same time, the presence of nickel in feed can also affect human health through the consumption of animal food.
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